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The purpose of this study is to provide a summary of the various pyrazole moieties' pharmacological actions. Pyrazole is a well-known and essential nitrogen-containing 5-membered heterocyclic compound, and different techniques for synthesis have been developed. Pyrazole, also known chemically as 1, 2-diazole, has become a prominent subject due to its numerous applications. Numerous pyrazole derivatives have been discovered to have a wide range of biological functions, which has fueled study in this area. Pyrazoles and their variants are among the most powerful groups of chemicals, with anti-bacterial, anti-convulsant, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, sedative, anti- rheumatic, anticancer, and anti-tubercular properties. The goal of this study was to compile literary work on pyrazole for its different pharmacological activities, as well as to report on new efforts made on this moiety.
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@#Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(MALAT1)is one of the first identified LncRNA associated with human diseases. Unlike most members of the LncRNA family, MALAT1 is found in almost all human tissues and expressed at a relatively high level. At present, MALAT1 is known to play a vital role in the pathophysiological process of many diseases such as tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and nervous system diseases. In recent years, studies have found that MALAT1 may be involved in many ocular diseases(such as diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, neonatal retinopathy, <i>etc</i>.)play an important role in the pathological development process, and it is expected to become an effective target for the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. This article summarizes the research progress of eye diseases in which MALAT1 has participated in recent years.
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Alginate is a group of polyuronic saccharides that are widely used in pharmaceutical and food industry due to its unique physicochemical properties and beneficial health effects. However, the low water solubility and high viscosity of alginate hampered its application. Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a decomposition product of alginate and has received increasing attention due to its low molecular weight, high water solubility, safety, and non-toxicity. The wide-ranging biological functions of AOS are closely related to its structural diversity. AOS with distinct structures and biological functions can be obtained by different methods of preparation. This review summarized the biological functions of AOS reported to date, including anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, prebiotic, and anti-diabetes. The preparation of AOS, as well as the relationship between the structure and biological functions of AOS were discussed, with the aim to provide a reference for further development and application of AOS.
Subject(s)
Alginates , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Antioxidants , Molecular Weight , OligosaccharidesABSTRACT
@#Selenium is an essential microelement required as a nutrient by human organism to perform important biological functions, mainly in the form of selenocysteine. It plays an important role in improving human immunity and the myocardial nutritional blood flow, and preventing oxidative stress. Various ocular diseases are closely associated with selenium and selenoprotein due to the presence of high concentration of selenium. This article mainly aims to review the present research advance of biological functions of selenium and selenoprotein in ocular diseases, and provide some valuable reference for deeper study of selenium in human eyes.
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@#Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)is defined as untranslatable(non-coding)RNA that is over 200 nucleotides and is transcribed from the human genome. With the successful completion of the human genome sequencing and mapping, in subsequent ENCODE study, we found that about 75% of the genome sequence can be transcribed into RNA, and most of the transcripts are non-coding RNA. New research in recent years has found that lncRNA is involved in many important physiological and pathological processes in the body, such as cell development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, such as cell cycle regulation, cell metabolism, apoptosis, and reprogramming of induced peripheral stem cells. And epigenetic regulation and other biological functions, and differential expression play an important role in the occurrence of various human diseases, such as malignant tumors, inflammatory and immune diseases. Recent studies have shown that lncRNA is related to the pathogenesis of ophthalmic diseases. This article aims to review the latest progress between the abnormal expression of lncRNAs and eye diseases in recent years.
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Noncoding small RNAs are the important regulators of vital processes. Through the high-throughput sequencing and analyses of small RNA fragments, a new class of non-coding small RNAs has been presented, which can be matched to the known tRNA gene. The different sources of tRFs are classified into various types depending on where they match on the parental tRNA. The tRFs can be expressed in a variety of organisms. Recent studies have found that the tRFs have a variety of biological functions in the regulation of gene expression, epigenetics，tumor suppression, neurodegeneration and so on. As a regulatory RNA, the tRFs play an important role in development and progression of tumors, and are known to play regulatory roles in the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. This article reviews the research progress on the classification，biological function and role of tRFs in malignant tumors.
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As a member of the ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) protein family, Ezrin is widely distributed in the body. Ezrin acts as a "scaffold" participating in anchorage and interacting between plasma membrane and cytoskeleton. Its special subcel-lular localization is critical for many complex cell processes. Increasing evidence suggests that the abnormal expression, phosphorylation and localization of Ezrin would affect tumor progression. The influence of Ezrin on the morphology of tumor cells during metastasis has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. Further investigations that focus on the mechanism of Ezrin' s influence on different stages of tumor metastasis will be gradually elucidated. In this article, we review the biological functions of Ezrin and its research progress in tumor metastasis, and explain the mechanism of Ezrin-mediated tumor metastasis. It is proposed that strategies targeting Ezrin for tumor metastasis treatment are a promising way to achieve great success in clinic.
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ntroducción: El sistema del complemento puede ser activado por tres vías: clásica, alternativa y de las lectinas, esta última en fase de estudio para su completamiento. Objetivo: Describir hasta donde se ha avanzado en la construcción de la vía de las lectinas, sus iniciadores, activadores, reguladores, cascada enzimática y sus funciones biológicas. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sobre el tema en estudio empleando artículos de libre acceso en la base de datos Pubmed y los trabajos publicados por el grupo de trabajo de la Universidad de Goettigen, la Universidad de Aarhus en Dinamarca y el Laboratorio Central de Líquido Cefalorraquídeo (LABCEL) de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana en los últimos cinco años comprendidos en el período de enero de 2012 a marzo del 2017. Desarrollo: Los iniciadores de la vía de las lectinas son las moléculas de reconocimiento colectinas y ficolinas circulantes en sangre, que participan en muchos procesos del organismo. Los activadores de esta vía son las MASP 1, 2 presentes como proenzimas; y la MASP 3, MAp 19 y 44 actúan como reguladoras. La cascada enzimática luego del reconocimiento es similar a la ruta clásica. Conclusiones: Las colectinas y ficolinas inician la vía de las lectinas. Sus activadores son las MASP 1, 2. Los reguladores son la MASP-3, y las MAp 19 y 44. Similar a la clásica en su cascada enzimática. Es la más antigua en la filogenia por eso participa en muchos procesos en el organismo(AU)
Introduction. The complement system can be activated in three ways: classical, alternative and lectins, the latter in the study phase for its completion. Objective. To describe the progress made in the construction of the lectin pathway, its initiators, activators, regulators, enzymatic cascade and its biological functions. Methods. A review was made on the subject under study using articles of free access in the Pubmed database and the works published by the working group of the University of Goettigen, the University of Aarhus in Denmark and the Central Laboratory of Cefalorraquìdeo liquid (LABCEL) of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana in the last five years included in the period from January 2012 to March 2017. Development. The initiators of the lectin pathway are the collectin recognition molecules and circulating ficolins in blood, which participate in many processes of the organism. The activators of this pathway are MASP 1, 2 present as proenzymes; and MASP 3, MAp 19 and 44 act as regulators. The enzymatic cascade after recognition is similar to the classical route. Conclusions. Collectins and ficolines initiate the lectin pathway. Its activators are MASP 1, 2. The regulators are MASP-3, and MAp 19 and 44. Similar to the classic in its enzymatic cascade. It is the oldest in phylogeny so it participates in many processes in the body.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Collectins , Lectins , Enzyme Activators , Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine ProteasesABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of hepatitis B vin1s X-interacting protein (HBXIP) on the proliferation,migration,and invasion of ACC-2 cells,and the possible mechanism of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway involved.Methods The chemically synthesized HBXIP-siRNA plasmid was transfected into the ACC-2 cells.RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of HBXIP in the ACC-2 cells.Cell proliferation was measured via MTT assay.The invasive and migratory abilities of the ACC-2 cells were evaluated via the transwell chamber assay and scratch test,respectively.Western blotting also detected the impact of HBXIP-siRNA on Akt,p-Akt,PI3K,p-PI3K,and S100A4 protein expression.Results HBXIP was highly expressed and HBXIP-siRNA was successfully transfected in ACC-2 cells.MTT results showed that the number of surviving cells in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05).The scratch test results showed that the mobility of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.01).The transwell assay showed that the rate of cell invasion of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.01).Finally,Western blotting results revealed that the expression of p-Akt,p-PI3K,and S 100A4 was relatively decreased in the experimental group when compared to that in the control group.Conclusion Silencing the HBXIP gene inhibited ACC-2 proliferation,invasion,and migration.
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Exosomes are bilayer-lipid membrane nanovesicle from almost all living cell types which are in-volved in intercellular substance transporting and signaling communication .Exosomes are 30 ~120 nm in diameter , can transfer bioactive molecules including DNA , RNA, microRNA, protein as well as lipids derived from parents ' cells to re-cipient cells by body fluids , and specifically influence their physiological or pathological conditions .Leukemia is due to malignant proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells .It was reported that leukemia cells derived exosomes play a key role in disease progression , drug resistance , and predict prognosis .This paper will outline the role of exosomes de-rived from leukemia cells and provide important information to help explore the molecular pathogenesis , biomarker as well as therapeutic target of leukemia .
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The positron emitting nuclides were already tried in 1940's as in vivo radio-tracers in the research field of medical biology. In 1976, the discovery of 18FDG with the developing of a positron imaging device, allowed to obtain the image of the human brain by PET technology. Today, 18FDG is widely used in tumour diagnosis by a metabolic trapping mechanism, which is a new concept for functional imaging and makes possible the monitoring of the therapy process. This is first milestone of PET radiopharmaceutical development. The second milestone is the establishment of a molecular imaging method in nuclear medicine and third, is the development of the theragnostic concept of radiopharmaceuticals. At present highlight works are focused in tau protein imaging for Alzheimer disease diagnosis and inflammation imaging
Los núclidos emisores de positrones fueron tratados en 1940 como radiotrazadores in vivo en el campo de las investigaciones biomédicas. En 1976, el descubrimiento de 18FDG, con el desarrollo de un equipo de imagenología positrónica, facilitó la obtención de imágenes del cerebro humano mediante la aplicación de la tecnología PET. En la actualidad, el 18FDG tiene amplia utilización en el diagnóstico de tumores mediante el mecanismo de captura metabólica. Este mecanismo es un concepto nuevo para la obtención de imágenes funcionales lo que permite realizar el monitoreo de los procesos terapéuticos. Este es el primer hito del desarrollo de radiofármacos PET. El segundo hito lo constituye el establecimiento del método de imagen molecular en la medicina nuclear. El tercer hito es el desarrollo del concepto teragnóstico de los radiofármacos. En el momento actual los trabajos principales están enfocados a la imagen de proteínas tau para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y las imágenes de inflamaciones
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@#The signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)proteins, which can transmit signals from extracellular to nucleus, play important roles in biological processes. The abnormal activation of STAT3 signaling pathway usually results in many malignant diseases such as tumors(leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer and lung cancer), inflammation or immune and rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the activation of STAT3, which means the phosphorylation of the residue 705, can inhibit apoptosis, induce cell proliferation and angiogenesis and finally lead to malignant diseases mentioned above. In this review, the biological functions of STAT family proteins and the related diseases of STAT3 are introduced, and the inhibitors of STAT3 are summarized simply. Further development of STATs is also proposed.
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10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2013.04.002
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Os antígenos de grupos sanguíneos eritrocitários são estruturas macromoleculares localizadas na superfície extracelular da membrana eritrocitária. Com o desenvolvimento de estudos moleculares, mais de 250 antígenos são conhecidos e estão organizados em 29 sistemas de grupos sanguíneos reconhecidos pela Sociedade Internacional de Transfusão Sanguínea (ISBT). Estudos têm revelado que os antígenos de grupo sanguíneo estão expressos na membrana eritrocitária com ampla diversidade estrutural, incluindo epítopos de carboidratos em glicoproteínas e/ou glicolipídios e em proteínas inseridas na membrana via um domínio, via domínios de multipassagem ou ligados a glicosilfosfatidinositol. Além das diversidades estruturais, muitas funções importantes têm sido associadas aos antígenos eritrocitários recentemente identificadas, podendo ser esquematicamente divididas em: estruturais, transportadores, receptores e moléculas de adesão, enzimas, proteínas controladoras do complemento e outras. Esta revisão tem como foco as funções potenciais das moléculas que expressam os antígenos eritrocitários.
Erythrocyte blood group antigens are macromolecules structures located on the extracellular surface of the red blood cell membrane. The development of molecular studies allowed the recognition of more than 250 antigens by the International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT). These studies have also shown that blood group antigens are carried on red blood cell membrane of wide structural diversity, including carbohydrate epitopes on glycoproteins and/or glycolipids and on proteins inserted within the membrane via single or multi-pass transmembrane domains, or via glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkages. In addition, to their structural diversity, many important functions associated with blood group antigens have been recently identified and can be didactically divided into: structural proteins, transporters, receptors and adhesion molecules, enzymes, complement control proteins and others. This review will focus on the potential functions of the molecules that express blood group antigens.
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Humans , Blood Group Antigens , Rh-Hr Blood-Group SystemABSTRACT
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against a wide spectrum of nuclear, cytoplasmic,and cell membrane autoantigens.Among them,the anti-Smith antibodies are specific for SLE and thus have been included as a criteria for diagnosis.They are not only a diagnostic marker but also a reliable measure of disease activity in SLE,we intend to describe the biological functions and clinical significance of the Smith antigen and the detection of anti-Smith antibodies.